Air pollution has become a serious social problem in the world. Recently, the smoggy weather in many cities has attracted more attention from the Chinese people. Inspecting the history of China, the air pollution problem has begun to appear in some big cities during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but it is mainly caused by the pollution generated by domestic waste gas. In modern times, together with the exhaust emissions of industrial production and the exhaust emissions of vehicles, air pollution is becoming more and more serious. This issue has not been studied in domestic academic circles in the past. This paper intends to cut the relationship between fuel demand, industrial layout and urbanization and air pollution. The general situation and characteristics of air pollution in modern times and the attention of all sectors of society and this issue The prevention and control measures are briefly discussed to make the bricks of the jade.
The Transformation of Modern Fuel Demand and the Appearance of Urban Air Pollution
The use of fuel is constantly changing with the progress of human civilization. For example, modern scholars pointed out that “it is necessary to determine the degree of industrial and commercial development in terms of the use of fuel.†(Shi Weixin: “China's Fuel Problemâ€, “Scientific China†"Vol. 2, No. 1) since the Ming and Qing with the widespread use of coal, also produced a series of ecological and environmental problems in bringing progress and convenience, especially sulfide from coal combustion lead to increasingly serious air pollution. According to research by Taiwanese scholar Qiu Zhonglin, in the early Ming Dynasty, the Beijing army and the citizens mainly used wood as fuel. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, because the surrounding mountain wood was cut down, it had to rely on coal as a fuel for heating, cooking and handicrafts. By the time of the Republic of China, the electricity used by households in China was limited to a few special families, and most of them remained stagnant between firewood and coal. The storage of winter coal has become a must for Beijing citizens every year. Every housewife, in addition to busy making warm cotton coats, must try to store coal and prepare to spend the ruthless winter (Le Min: "The Burning Man of Beiping", edited by Yang Baoyu, "The History of Coal Circulation History", Coal Industry Press, 1993, p. 33). In Shanghai, the same life of the citizens is also inseparable from coal. According to the description of the time, in 1945, Shanghai had a poor road to coal, and some people who did not have a briquettes in their homes burned rice. (Spring: "Mi and Coal", Renren Society, 1945, page 2) . The people pointed out that "food and fuel are all necessary for the birthday of the people. The difference between the two is a close relationship with the security of a city or a town." (Nanjing Food and Fuel, 1932 , page 1) With the increase of urban population, dense living, the use of coal and other fuels continue to increase, the depth and breadth of urban air pollution far exceeds the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to Wang Weijie, when Qing Emperor Qianlong, Beijing had a population of 620,000, burning 155,000 tons of coal per year; in 1941, coal was burned by 641,000 tons per year; in 1949, coal was 1.035 million tons. Soot particles and sulfur dioxide produced by coal combustion not only have an impact on human health, but also float in the atmosphere, causing environmental pollution.
The impact of domestic coal is still second. In modern times, the most harmful to atmospheric pollution is the harmful gases and soot released by industrial fuels. The demand for coal in cities with earlier industrialization is relatively large. For example, in modern Shanghai, the national industrial and commercial center, the launch of factory machinery, and the promotion of transportation, all rely on coal, millions of people, and the daily fire-seeking, and coal-based. At that time, Shanghai became the country's largest coal-producing region. In 1935, it was estimated that the country used about 25 million tons of coal per year, and Shanghai sold 3 million tons of coal per year, accounting for one-seventh of the total. (Wang Shishi: "Overview of Shanghai Coal in Recent Years", Business and Industry Bimonthly, Vol. 7, No. 11 of 1935).
As the earliest city of industrialization, Shanghai has recorded many air pollution in the second half of the 19th century: in March 1856, “the rain was raining, and there was black rain and hail on the morning of the third day.†(Tongzhi “Shanghai County Recordsâ€, Volume 30) Jiading 1858 In the year of "the shower on April 15th." (Guangxu "Jiading County" volume 5) June 21, 1898 under salty rain, plant yellow wilting (the Republic of China "Jiading County Continuation" volume 3). On May 24, 1923, the "Declaration" stated that "there was a red rain in the early morning of Pudong's big group, and the red was full in the morning." The appearance of halogen rain and black snow reflected the increasingly serious air pollution in Shanghai. At that time, the Shanghai epidemic broke out year after year, apparently related to this (quoted from Yu Xinzhong: "The plague and society in the Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty - a study of medical social history", p. 173). One author described the situation in Shanghai: "I unfortunately lived in the area surrounded by coal soot in Shanghai. The two nostrils were filled with black coal ash all day long. When the doors and windows in the house were wide open, there was no need for a moment, and the table was thin. There is a layer of coal ash on the ground... I imagine that I live in this coal-rich environment, my lungs have already been dyed grayish black and become so-called charcoal." (No dust: "Urban soot problem" "New China" magazine, Volume 4, Issue 5) is similar to Chongqing. In the 1920s and 1930s, Chongqing silk weaving, flour, and leather have developed quite a bit. Modern coal mines and petroleum industries have also started. After the Anti-Japanese War, with the inland migration of coastal industries, Chongqing quickly became the industrial center of the southwestern region and even the rear, and it also brought serious industrial pollution and became the famous "fog capital". Although there are geographical reasons for foggy in Chongqing, there are many coals used in industry and life, and there are many suspended small particles in the air, which increases the haze. The people vividly described the sorrow of life in the smog: "In the morning, as soon as I opened the window, the first one to visit me was the smog that was in space and filled with the universe... "... living in the smoggy sea, in a misty cage, you can't see a trace of sunshine, you can't breathe a fresh air." (Akita: "Smog", "Cosmic Wind", 140th, 1942 Period) Modern Guangzhou is also not immune to the pollution of soot. Some officials even believe that "coal must be light and strong" and the people's livelihood can be solved. This argument at the expense of the environment has contributed to the pollution of modern cities (Shu Wen: "On the so-called problem of dense soot", "Guangzhou City Government Gazette", No. 360, 1930). Tangshan, Anshan and other emerging resource type is both a modern city but it is also steel, cement and other large industrial base, coal consumption is quite large, urban environmental pollution is particularly serious. In 1881, the Kaishan Tangshan Mine was built to produce coal. After the Tangshan Fine Cotton Plant, Tangshan Steel Co., Ltd. and Tangshan Power Plant were completed and put into operation, the Chengzizhuang area began to form cement, steelmaking, power generation dust pollution areas, and fly ash. Pools and iron ore slag piles also began to appear in this area ("Tangshan City Construction", Tianjin People's Publishing House, 1992, p. 353). In the early 20th century, some people described the situation of Anshan: "Anshan, which appears as a giant in the industrial zone, occupies the highest throne in the three eastern provinces. It can neither see the blue sky nor the birds, and the ground does not produce some purple flowers and grasses... ...smoke, smoke--the smoke covers everything, it uses the cold, smashing black sap, to smear everything." (Chengju: "Anshan under the hood of black smoke", "Broadcast Weekly" 1936 100th issue)
Modern air pollution and industrial layout, urbanization process and governance measures
The prominent air pollution problem in modern times is closely related to the unreasonable layout of China's new industrial industry and the abnormal development of urbanization. First of all, the industrial layout across the country is unreasonable. According to the survey, in 1927, Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin, Wuxi, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chongqing and other major cities a few concentrated nearly 40% of the country's new factory. In 1933, the industrial production value of six cities in Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Wuxi, Guangzhou and Qingdao accounted for 69% of the country. Second, the layout of industrial space in modern cities is not reasonable. Most of the early foreign and Chinese business enterprises in Shanghai were located in the Huangpu River and the Suzhou River along the Yangtze River, forming four industrial concentration areas of Yangshupu, Nanshi, Caojiadu and Zhabei. On the eve of Shanghai's liberation, there were 1,079 factories in the city, 2,263 in the industrial area, accounting for 22.5% of the city's factories; 7,816 in the non-industrial areas, accounting for 77.5%. A large number of factories are intertwined with residential houses, which have a great impact on air quality. Big. During the Anti-Japanese War, more than 400 industrial and mining enterprises along the coast and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River moved to Chongqing. Most of the inland relocation factories are not systematically aware of the geographical environment, production resources and market in Chongqing. The industrial areas and residential areas are intertwined and the layout is extremely unreasonable (Chongqing City Zhi) Volume 1, pages 774-775).
The accelerated development of urbanization accompanied by irrational industrial layout has led to many adverse social impacts. First of all, the high concentration of industry is bound to have a negative impact on the environment of these industries and the environment of the city. Shanghai's dust and waste gas pollution appeared in the concession at the end of the 19th century. For example, when Wu Yunchu MSG was first established, it was located in an alley in Shanghai. Due to industrial waste water and exhaust gas, it caused conflicts between nearby residents and Wu Yunchu. Secondly, the large amount of living contaminants and sewage generated by the population concentration and unreasonable layout are likely to cause a decline in air quality. Once again, modern cities have concentrated a large number of modern means of transportation, which is likely to cause air pollution. For example, in the 1940s, car emissions of polluted air were common in some large cities. In the 1940s, the Shanghai public concession not only experienced bus congestion, but also brought dust pollution. Municipal Council has repeatedly warned the bus company for this purpose, to seek their input more funds to purchase new buses do not smoke ( "Shanghai International Settlement Board proceedings", the 28 page 572).
For the problem of urban air pollution, there is still no effective response in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the government and the private sector have taken certain measures in modern times. The government has enacted some regulations, implemented factory inspections, carried out factory safety operations, civilian new village movements, improved urban infrastructure, etc., and achieved certain results. For example, in response to the tragic death of Beijing residents caused by coal poisoning, the government posted a notice, told the people to install a coal tube, open the window, or take the stove to the yard and burn it before entering the house. In Shanghai, in 1887, the soot of the Shiyin Society was regarded as a public hazard by the surrounding residents. The Ministry of Industry and Commerce issued a warning to the Shiyin Society to take measures to reduce pollution such as chimneys ("Shanghai Public Concession Board of Directors", vol. 9, p. 592). In December 1933, the government announced the rules for land traffic management, which stipulated that "when the car is driving, it is not allowed to smash and emit loud noise or odorous gas containing smoke." The Guangzhou Municipal Government has enacted a rule for the carriage of vehicles on the shoulders, which stipulates that "the driver must Always pay attention to the cleanliness of the car. Do not allow the oil to fly, and release the suffocation. The Jinan Municipal Government has also promulgated regulations to ban the fried rice in the urban area ("Banning the squid oil", "Jinan City Monthly", 1930, Vol. 3, No. 2).
For the air pollution problem, the modern Chinese intellectual community began to pay attention early. At that time, the newspapers and magazines reported many comments on the air pollution that occurred in the process of modern western industrialization, and alerted the people: "People from all countries have gradually paid attention to this issue. The Tokyo police authorities have recently held a promotion of soot prevention and started." The urban purification movement is gone. For this problem, it is still groggy and numb, I am afraid we are only China!" (Hu Huqiao: "Urban Coal Smoke Prevention", "Science Times" No. 3 of 1935) Articles on the prevention and control of soot in Europe, America and Japan are reported from time to time. The initiatives proposed at the time included limiting the amount and scope of coal use, increasing the height of the factory chimney, upgrading the car, setting up a complete sewage treatment plant, limiting the chemical industry, moving heavily polluting factories to the suburbs, and cultivating talented people. In addition, some intellectuals have put forward some insightful ideas, such as the implementation of decentralized urban construction, the construction of rural cities, the comprehensive development of transportation, urban and rural areas, agriculture and industry; the municipal expert Dong Xia also proposed small The city has great benefits for traffic management, public security, and health. It should actively build small cities, garden cities, and satellite cities (Dong Xiujia: "Concentrationism and Dispersalism in Urban Construction", National Economic Monthly, 1937, Vol. 1, No. 1 ). Although these understandings are not completely scientific, some measures have not been implemented, but they are still indirectly helpful in mitigating urban pollution. They also have certain reference significance for us to correctly understand and deal with air pollution and smog today.
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