Abrasives are tools for grinding, grinding and polishing. Most of the abrasives are artificial abrasives made of abrasives and binders, and are also natural abrasives that are directly processed from natural mineral rock. In addition to being widely used in machinery manufacturing and other metal processing industries, abrasive tools are also used in grain processing, paper industry, and non-metallic materials such as ceramics, glass, stone, plastic, rubber, and wood.
In the course of using the abrasive tool, when the abrasive particles are blunt, the abrasive particles partially or completely fall off from the abrasive tool due to the part of the abrasive particles being broken or the bonding agent is broken, and the abrasive material on the working surface of the abrasive tool is constantly undergoing new cutting. Edge, or constantly exposed new sharp abrasive particles, so that grinding tools can maintain cutting performance in a certain period of time.
As early as in the Neolithic Age, humans began to use natural grindstones to machine tools such as stone knives, axes, bones, corners, and teeth; in 1872, the United States used natural abrasives and clay to burn them. Ceramic grinding wheels; Around 1900, artificial abrasives were introduced, and various grinding tools made of artificial abrasives were successively produced, which created conditions for the rapid development of grinding and grinding machines. Since then, the proportion of natural abrasives in abrasives has gradually decreased.
Abrasives are classified according to their source of raw materials, including natural abrasives and artificial abrasives. The only natural abrasive used in the machinery industry is oil stone. Artificial abrasives are distinguished by their basic shape and structural characteristics. They include grinding wheels, grinding heads, whetstones, sand tiles (collectively referred to as bonded abrasives) and coated abrasives.
Bonded abrasives can be classified into ordinary abrasive bonded abrasives and superhard abrasive bonded abrasives, depending on the abrasive used. The former uses ordinary abrasives such as corundum and silicon carbide, and the latter is made of superhard abrasives such as diamond and cubic boron nitride.
Ordinary abrasive bonded abrasive tool is a grinding tool with a certain strength, which is formed by bonding a common abrasive to a certain shape with a binder. Generally composed of abrasives, binders and pores, these three parts are often referred to as the three elements of bonded abrasives.
Abrasives play a cutting role in abrasives. Binders are materials that consolidate loose abrasives into abrasives, both inorganic and organic. Inorganic binders include ceramics, magnesite and sodium silicate, organic resins, rubber and shellac. The most common of these are ceramic, resin, and rubber binders.
The pores act as chip and chip evacuation debris during grinding, and can accommodate coolant, which helps to dissipate heat. In order to meet certain special processing requirements, some fillers such as sulfur and paraffin can be impregnated into the pores to improve the performance of the abrasives. This filler is also called the fourth element of the abrasive tool.
The hardness of abrasives depends mainly on the amount of binder added and the density of abrasives. Abrasives tend to fall off and indicate that the hardness of the abrasives is low; otherwise, it indicates high hardness. Hardness grades are generally divided into seven grades: supersoft, soft, medium soft, medium, medium hard, hard, and superhard. From these grades, several small grades can be further subdivided. The method of determining the hardness of the abrasive tool, the hand-cone method, the mechanical cone method, the Rockwell hardness tester, and the sandblast hardness tester are commonly used.
The hardness of the abrasive tool has a corresponding relationship with its dynamic elastic modulus, which is advantageous to determine the hardness of the abrasive tool by measuring the dynamic elastic modulus of the abrasive tool with the audio method. In the grinding process, if the material hardness of the workpiece to be ground is high, a grinding tool with a low hardness is generally used; otherwise, a grinding tool with a high hardness is used.
Abrasives are roughly divided into three types: dense, medium, and loose. Each category can be subdivided again, etc., using the organization number to distinguish. The larger the abrasive organization number, the smaller the volume percentage of the abrasive in the grinding tool, and the wider the gap between the abrasive particles, the looser the organization. On the contrary, the smaller the organization number, the tighter the organization. The relatively loose abrasives are not easily passivated during use and generate less heat during the grinding process, which can reduce the heat distortion and burn of the workpiece. Abrasive abrasive grains of tight organization are not easy to fall off, which is conducive to maintaining the geometry of the abrasive tool. The organization of the abrasive tool is controlled by the abrasive tool formulation only at the time of manufacture and is generally not measured.
In the course of using the abrasive tool, when the abrasive particles are blunt, the abrasive particles partially or completely fall off from the abrasive tool due to the part of the abrasive particles being broken or the bonding agent is broken, and the abrasive material on the working surface of the abrasive tool is constantly undergoing new cutting. Edge, or constantly exposed new sharp abrasive particles, so that grinding tools can maintain cutting performance in a certain period of time.
As early as in the Neolithic Age, humans began to use natural grindstones to machine tools such as stone knives, axes, bones, corners, and teeth; in 1872, the United States used natural abrasives and clay to burn them. Ceramic grinding wheels; Around 1900, artificial abrasives were introduced, and various grinding tools made of artificial abrasives were successively produced, which created conditions for the rapid development of grinding and grinding machines. Since then, the proportion of natural abrasives in abrasives has gradually decreased.
Abrasives are classified according to their source of raw materials, including natural abrasives and artificial abrasives. The only natural abrasive used in the machinery industry is oil stone. Artificial abrasives are distinguished by their basic shape and structural characteristics. They include grinding wheels, grinding heads, whetstones, sand tiles (collectively referred to as bonded abrasives) and coated abrasives.
Bonded abrasives can be classified into ordinary abrasive bonded abrasives and superhard abrasive bonded abrasives, depending on the abrasive used. The former uses ordinary abrasives such as corundum and silicon carbide, and the latter is made of superhard abrasives such as diamond and cubic boron nitride.
Ordinary abrasive bonded abrasive tool is a grinding tool with a certain strength, which is formed by bonding a common abrasive to a certain shape with a binder. Generally composed of abrasives, binders and pores, these three parts are often referred to as the three elements of bonded abrasives.
Abrasives play a cutting role in abrasives. Binders are materials that consolidate loose abrasives into abrasives, both inorganic and organic. Inorganic binders include ceramics, magnesite and sodium silicate, organic resins, rubber and shellac. The most common of these are ceramic, resin, and rubber binders.
The pores act as chip and chip evacuation debris during grinding, and can accommodate coolant, which helps to dissipate heat. In order to meet certain special processing requirements, some fillers such as sulfur and paraffin can be impregnated into the pores to improve the performance of the abrasives. This filler is also called the fourth element of the abrasive tool.
The hardness of abrasives depends mainly on the amount of binder added and the density of abrasives. Abrasives tend to fall off and indicate that the hardness of the abrasives is low; otherwise, it indicates high hardness. Hardness grades are generally divided into seven grades: supersoft, soft, medium soft, medium, medium hard, hard, and superhard. From these grades, several small grades can be further subdivided. The method of determining the hardness of the abrasive tool, the hand-cone method, the mechanical cone method, the Rockwell hardness tester, and the sandblast hardness tester are commonly used.
The hardness of the abrasive tool has a corresponding relationship with its dynamic elastic modulus, which is advantageous to determine the hardness of the abrasive tool by measuring the dynamic elastic modulus of the abrasive tool with the audio method. In the grinding process, if the material hardness of the workpiece to be ground is high, a grinding tool with a low hardness is generally used; otherwise, a grinding tool with a high hardness is used.
Abrasives are roughly divided into three types: dense, medium, and loose. Each category can be subdivided again, etc., using the organization number to distinguish. The larger the abrasive organization number, the smaller the volume percentage of the abrasive in the grinding tool, and the wider the gap between the abrasive particles, the looser the organization. On the contrary, the smaller the organization number, the tighter the organization. The relatively loose abrasives are not easily passivated during use and generate less heat during the grinding process, which can reduce the heat distortion and burn of the workpiece. Abrasive abrasive grains of tight organization are not easy to fall off, which is conducive to maintaining the geometry of the abrasive tool. The organization of the abrasive tool is controlled by the abrasive tool formulation only at the time of manufacture and is generally not measured.
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