Water treatment is a crucial process that ensures the safety of water before it is discharged into the environment. Monitoring and evaluating key parameters in wastewater treatment is essential to guarantee that the treated water meets required standards. Let's explore 13 important parameters in wastewater treatment with Song Phuung, a leading company in water industry equipment.
**Table of Contents**
- Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
- Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
- Oil and Grease
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Turbidity
- Color
- pH
- Temperature
- Salinity
- Electrical Conductivity
**Dissolved Oxygen (DO)**
Dissolved oxygen (DO) measures the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, which is vital for the survival and growth of aerobic microorganisms. The typical DO concentration in water ranges from 8 to 10 ppm. Maintaining appropriate DO levels ensures efficient biological degradation of organic matter. Low DO can lead to the dominance of anaerobic bacteria, causing odor problems and reducing the effectiveness of the treatment process. Controlling DO helps optimize the performance of biological treatment systems and prevent secondary pollution.
**Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)**
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water over a specific period. High BOD levels indicate significant organic pollution, commonly found in domestic and food processing wastewater. A high BOD value suggests a higher level of contamination, requiring proper treatment systems. Reducing BOD after treatment is a sign that the wastewater has been adequately cleaned before being released into the environment.
**Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)**
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize both organic and inorganic substances in water. It is an important indicator of overall pollution levels, including substances that are difficult to biodegrade. According to national technical standards for industrial wastewater (QCVN 24:2009), the maximum allowable COD concentration before discharge is 100 mg/L. Lowering COD ensures that the wastewater is sufficiently treated to avoid negative impacts on receiving water bodies.
**Total Suspended Solids (TSS)**
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) refers to the total amount of suspended solids in water, including soil, sludge, and organic particles. High TSS levels can cause water turbidity, reduce light penetration, and negatively affect aquatic plants and animals. TSS can also carry heavy metals and other pollutants, increasing toxicity and threatening the aquatic ecosystem. Treatment systems often use primary sedimentation and mechanical filtration to remove suspended solids. Coagulants and flocculants are also used to enhance the settling of fine particles.
**Oil and Grease**
Oil and grease are non-water-soluble fats and oils found in domestic and industrial wastewater. These substances can clog pipes and interfere with the operation of microorganisms and equipment in the treatment system. According to QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, the maximum allowable oil and grease content in wastewater discharged into drinking water sources is 5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L for non-drinking water sources. Oil separators are effective solutions to control this parameter, protecting the system and improving treatment efficiency.
**Nitrogen**
Nitrogen exists in various forms such as ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3-), and nitrite (NO2-), commonly found in domestic wastewater. If not properly treated, nitrogen can pollute water sources, especially contributing to eutrophication.
**Phosphorus**
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth, but excessive amounts can cause environmental pollution and promote algal blooms. High phosphorus levels can lead to eutrophication, disrupting ecological balance and degrading water quality. Proper phosphorus treatment is necessary to protect water resources and prevent long-term pollution.
**Turbidity**
Turbidity occurs when suspended particles such as soil, sand, silt, and organic matter scatter light, making water appear cloudy. According to national water quality standards, the maximum allowable turbidity for drinking water is 2 NTU. High turbidity can hinder disinfection processes and affect the aesthetic quality of the treated water. Reducing turbidity improves water quality and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection processes.
**Color**
Wastewater color is often caused by organic matter or dyes from industries. Textile wastewater, for example, is typically highly colored. Color not only affects aesthetics but may also contain toxic substances that impact the quality of the receiving water. According to QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT, the maximum allowable color for industrial wastewater is 50 Pt-Co for discharges into drinking water sources and 150 Pt-Co for other sources. Specialized filtration systems and chemical treatments help effectively remove color.
**pH**
The pH of water measures its acidity or alkalinity on a scale from 0 to 14. For optimal microbial activity in wastewater treatment, the ideal pH range is between 6.5 and 8.5. Maintaining a neutral pH around 6.8 to 7.2 ensures the effectiveness of biological and chemical processes. Extreme pH levels can harm ecosystems and the environment, so maintaining a balanced pH is crucial for efficient treatment.
**Temperature**
Temperature is an important parameter that affects the rate of chemical reactions and the activity of microorganisms in wastewater treatment. The optimal temperature range for microbial activity is typically between 20°C and 30°C. Water that is too hot or too cold can disrupt microbial processes, affecting treatment efficiency. Regular temperature monitoring helps assess the conditions of the wastewater and its impact on treatment performance.
**Salinity**
Salinity measures the amount of dissolved salts in wastewater. High salinity levels can affect the ability of biological treatment and harm natural environments. Industries such as food and aquaculture must carefully monitor salinity. Reducing salinity helps protect the environment and optimize biological processes.
**Electrical Conductivity (EC)**
Electrical conductivity (EC) indicates the ability of water to conduct electricity and is directly related to the concentration of dissolved ions. Measured in microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm), EC provides insight into the presence of inorganic pollutants in wastewater. Monitoring EC helps assess the effectiveness of the treatment process and ensure that wastewater meets discharge standards before being released into the environment.
Monitoring and controlling these key parameters in wastewater treatment is essential for ensuring environmental safety and public health. Song Phuung is committed to supporting businesses in optimizing their wastewater treatment processes and achieving quality standards. Contact us today for expert advice on the most effective wastewater treatment solutions!
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