Table of Contents
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Parameter
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is a parameter that measures the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, which is essential for the survival and development of aerobic microorganisms.
The typical DO level in water ranges from 8 to 10 ppm. Appropriate DO levels ensure effective biological degradation of organic matter. If DO levels are too low, anaerobic bacteria may dominate, affecting the biological treatment process and causing unpleasant odors.
Monitoring DO helps optimize the performance of the biological treatment system and minimize the risk of secondary pollution.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Parameter
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a parameter used to measure the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a specific period.
BOD levels indicate the degree of organic pollution in wastewater. High BOD levels are commonly found in domestic wastewater, food industry wastewater, agricultural processing wastewater, and other types of wastewater with high levels of easily biodegradable organic matter.
A higher BOD value indicates greater organic pollution, requiring an appropriate treatment system. Reducing BOD after the treatment process is a sign that the wastewater has been properly cleaned before being discharged into the environment.
>>> Read more: How to treat BOD in wastewater?
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Parameter
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic substances that can be oxidized in water. It is one of the important parameters used to assess the pollution level of wastewater.
In this process, substances such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur compounds, and heavy metals can contribute to increasing the COD value.
COD is often used to measure the total amount of pollutants, including those that are difficult to biodegrade. According to the National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater (QCVN 24: 2009 BTNMT), industrial wastewater should have a COD concentration of 100 mg/L before discharge into receiving water sources.
Reducing COD helps ensure that the wastewater has been adequately treated and does not negatively impact the receiving water source.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Parameter
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) refers to the total amount of suspended solids in water, including soil, sludge, and organic particles.
Suspended solids cause water turbidity. The characteristics of small particles, such as size, specific gravity, and flow velocity, affect their settling ability.
High TSS levels (above 100 mg/L) can have serious impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. Exceeding the permissible limit can cause water to become cloudy, reduce light penetration, and affect the photosynthesis of aquatic plants.
This can lead to reduced dissolved oxygen levels, making it difficult for organisms dependent on oxygen, such as fish and shrimp, to breathe. Additionally, TSS can carry heavy metals and other pollutants, increasing toxicity and posing a serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem.
To control TSS, wastewater treatment systems often use preliminary sedimentation and mechanical filtration to remove suspended solids. Sedimentation tanks and filters help separate most TSS from the water before discharge.
Using coagulants and flocculants is also an effective way to aggregate small particles into larger flocs, which settle more easily.
Controlling TSS reduces turbidity, improves water quality, protects equipment, and meets environmental standards.
Oil and Grease Parameter
Oil and grease are fats and oils, either plant or animal-based, that are insoluble in water. These residues appear frequently in domestic and industrial wastewater.
Oil and grease can cause various issues in the wastewater treatment system, such as clogging pipes or affecting the activity of microorganisms and equipment in the treatment system.
According to QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT (National Technical Regulation on Domestic Wastewater), the oil and grease content has different limits depending on the type of wastewater:
- For wastewater discharged into water sources used for drinking purposes: The maximum allowable limit for oil and grease is 5 mg/L.
- For wastewater discharged into non-drinking water sources: The maximum allowable limit is 10 mg/L.
Oil and grease separation tanks in wastewater treatment are an effective solution to control this parameter, helping protect the system and improve treatment efficiency.
Nitrogen Parameter
Nitrogen exists in various forms, such as ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3-), and nitrite (NO2-), and is commonly found in domestic wastewater. If not treated properly, nitrogen can pollute water sources, especially leading to eutrophication.
Phosphorus Parameter
Phosphorus is an important nutrient for bacterial growth, but excessive amounts can pollute the water environment and cause toxic algae blooms. High phosphorus levels promote algal growth, so controlling phosphorus in wastewater helps prevent eutrophication.
Wastewater rich in phosphorus causes eutrophication, leading to ecological imbalance and water quality degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly treat phosphorus to protect water resources and prevent long-term pollution.
Turbidity Parameter
Turbidity occurs when there are suspended particles in wastewater, such as soil, sand, sludge, microorganisms, and both organic and inorganic insoluble particles. These particles scatter light, making the water appear cloudy.
According to the National Technical Regulation on Drinking Water Quality, the turbidity limit is 2 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit).
High turbidity hinders the disinfection process and affects the aesthetics of the final water output. In addition, it can interfere with the disinfection process. It is necessary to reduce turbidity to improve water quality and enhance the effectiveness of the disinfection process.
To treat turbid water, common methods include preliminary sedimentation to remove suspended particles, sand filtration, or membrane filtration to remove small impurities. Using coagulants and flocculants helps agglomerate fine particles into larger flocs that can be removed more easily.
>>> Learn more: PAC Coagulant Helps Settle Suspended Particles
Color Parameter
The color of wastewater is usually caused by organic substances or dyes from industries. Wastewater from textile dyeing industries often has a strong color. Color in water not only causes unsightly appearance but also contains harmful substances, affecting the quality of the receiving water source.
According to the National Technical Regulation (QCVN 01:2009/BYT)
- QCVN 01:2009/BYT on Drinking Water Quality: The regulation does not specify a particular color standard for drinking water. However, drinking water must be clear and free of unusual colors, ensuring it meets safety and sensory standards to protect consumer health.
- QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT on Industrial Wastewater: For industrial wastewater, the color standard depends on whether it is classified under Column A or B:
- Column A (wastewater discharged into water sources used for drinking): The maximum allowable limit is 50 Pt-Co.
- Column B (wastewater discharged into non-drinking water sources): The maximum allowable limit is 150 Pt-Co.
Using a color removal system or special chemicals helps eliminate color effectively. Specialized color treatment systems help ensure the final water quality meets higher standards.
pH Parameter
The pH parameter measures the acidity or alkalinity of water on a scale from 0 to 14. Research shows that bacteria and microorganisms in the wastewater treatment system develop optimally in a medium with a pH between 6.5 and 8.5. Therefore, to ensure optimal treatment efficiency, wastewater is typically maintained at a near-neutral pH, around 6.8 to 7.2.
Wastewater with a pH that is too low or too high can harm the ecosystem and the environment. Maintaining a neutral pH helps optimize the effectiveness of biological and chemical processes.
>>> Learn more: How to test the pH of water accurately and simply at home
Temperature Parameter
Temperature is an important parameter to check when monitoring wastewater parameters. Temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions and the activity of microorganisms in the treatment process.
The normal temperature of water is typically between 20°C and 30°C to ensure microorganisms operate efficiently during treatment. Water that is too hot or too cold can disrupt the activity of microorganisms.
Checking the temperature helps assess the thermal conditions of the wastewater and its impact on treatment efficiency. Usually, temperature is measured after the wastewater has passed through the treatment system.
Salinity Parameter
The salinity parameter is an indicator of the amount of dissolved salt in wastewater. High salt concentrations in wastewater can affect the ability to perform biological treatment and harm the natural environment.
Industries such as food and aquaculture need to carefully control salinity. At the same time, reducing salinity helps protect the environment and optimize the biological process.
Electrical Conductivity (EC) Parameter
Electrical Conductivity (EC) indicates the ability of water to conduct electricity and is directly related to the concentration of dissolved ions. This parameter is measured in microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm).
Pure water has almost no conductivity, with an EC close to zero. However, when water comes into contact with the environment and dissolves various substances, it becomes an electrolyte solution and increases its conductivity.
Monitoring electrical conductivity helps detect the presence of inorganic pollutants in wastewater and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment process. Therefore, monitoring this parameter is essential to ensure that wastewater meets the standards before being discharged into the environment.
Controlling and monitoring the key parameters in wastewater treatment that you need to know is crucial to ensuring environmental and human health safety. Song Phuung Water Industry Equipment is always here to support businesses in optimizing the water treatment process and ensuring quality standards. Contact us today for expert advice on the most effective wastewater treatment solutions!
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